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  1. Blogger
    Python and R programming languages rely on Anaconda as their package and environment manager. With Anaconda, you will get tons of the necessary packages for your data science, machine learning, or other computational tasks.To utilize Anaconda on Ubuntu 24.04, install the conda utility for your Python flavor. This post shares the steps for installing conda for Python 3, and we will install version 2024.2-1. Read on!
    How to Install conda n Ubuntu 24.04
    Anaconda is an open-source platform and by installing conda, you will have access to it and use it for any scientific computational tasks, such as machine learning. The beauty of Anaconda lies in its numerous scientific packages, ensuring you can freely use it for your project needs.
    Installing conda on Ubuntu 24.04 follows a series of steps, which we’ve discussed in detail.
    Step 1: Downloading the Anaconda Installer
    When installing Anaconda, you should check and use the latest version of the installer script. You can access all the latest Anaconda3 installer scripts from the Anaconda Downloads Page.
    As of writing this post, we have version 2024.2-1 as the latest version, and we can go ahead and download it using curl.
    $ curl https://repo.anaconda.com/archive/Anaconda3-2024.2-1-Linux-x86_64.sh --output anaconda.sh Ensure you change the version when using the above command. Also, navigate to where you want the installer script to be saved. In the above command, we’ve specified to save the installer as anaconda.sh, but you can use any preferred name.
    The installer script is large and will take some time, depending on your network’s performance. Once the download is completed, verify the file is available using the ls command. Another crucial thing is to check the integrity of the installer script.
    To do so, we’ve used the SHA-256 checksum by running the below command.
    $ sha256sum anaconda.sh Once you get the output, confirm that it matches against the available Anaconda3 hashes from the website. Once everything checks out, you can proceed with the installation.
    Step 2: Run the conda Installer Script
    Anaconda has an installer script that will take you through installing it. To run the bash script, execute the below command.
    $ bash anaconda.sh The script will trigger different prompts that will walk you through the installation. For instance, you must press the Enter key to confirm that you are okay with the installation.
    Next, a document containing the lengthy Anaconda license agreement will open.
    Please go through it, and once you reach the bottom, type yes to confirm that you agree with the license terms.
    You must also specify where you want the installation to be installed. By default, the script selects a location in your home directory, which is okay in some instances. However, if you prefer a different location, specify it and press the enter key again to proceed with the process.
    Conda will start installing, and the process will take a few minutes. In the end, you will get prompted to initialize Anaconda3. If you wish to initialize it later, choose ‘no.’ Otherwise, type ‘yes,’ as in our case.
    That’s it! You will get an output thanking you for installing Anaconda3. This message confirms that the conda utility was installed successfully on Ubuntu 24.04, and you now have the green light to start using it.
    Step 3: Activate the Installation and Test Anaconda3
    Start by sourcing the ~/.bashrc with the below command.
    $ source ~/.bashrc Next, restart your shell to open up in the Anaconda3 base environment.
    You can now check the installed conda version.
    $ conda --version Better yet, you can view all the available packages by listing them using the command below.
    $ conda list With that, you’ve installed Conda on Ubuntu 24.04. You can start working on your projects and maximize the power of Anaconda3 courtesy of its multiple packages.
    Conclusion
    Anaconda is installed by installing the conda command-line utility. To install conda, you must download its installer script, execute it, go through the installation prompts, and agree to the license terms. Once you complete the process, you can use Anaconda3 for your projects and leverage all the packages it offers.
  2. Blogger

    Install Java on Ubuntu 24.04

    · Blogger · 04/11/24 03:12 PM

    Now that you have Ubuntu 24.04 installed, the remaining task is ensuring that you install all the software you need, including Java. Installing Java on Ubuntu 24.04 makes it possible to develop and run Java applications, and as a Java programmer, you will inevitably install Java on Ubuntu.Java isn’t pre-installed on Ubuntu. As such, you must know what steps are required to quickly install Java before you start using it for your projects. Reading this post will arm you with a simple procedure to install Java on Ubuntu 24.04. Java JDK vs JRE
    When installing Java on Ubuntu 24.04, a common concern is understanding the difference between JDK and JRE and knowing which to install. Here’s the thing: Java Development Kit (JDK) comprises all the required tools to develop Java applications. It comprises of the Java compiler and debugger and for someone looking to create Java apps, you must have JDK installed.
    As for Java Runtime Environment(JRE), it is required for anyone looking to run Java applications on their system. So, if you only want to run Java applications without building them, you only need to install JRE and not the JDK.
    As a programmer, you will likely develop and run Java applications. Therefore, you must install JDK and JRE for everything to work correctly.
    How to Install Java on Ubuntu 24.04
    Installing Java only requires access to an internet connection. Again, when you install the JDK, it should install the default JRE by default. However, that’s not always the case. Besides, if you want a specific version, you can specify it when running the install command.
    Here, we’ve provided the steps to follow to install Java quickly. Take a look!
    Step 1: Update Ubuntu’s Repository
    Updating the system repository ensures that the package you install is the latest stable version. The update command refreshes the sources list, and when you install Java, you will have the updated source index for the latest version.
    $ sudo update Step 2: Install Default JRE
    Before we can start installing Java, first verify that it isn’t already installed on your Ubuntu 24.04 by checking its version with the following command.
    $ java --version If Java is installed, you will get its version displayed on the output. Otherwise, you will get an output showing ’Java’ not found.
    Otherwise, install the default JRE using the below command.
    $ sudo apt install default-jre The installation time will depend on your network’s speed.
    Step 3: Install OpenJDK
    After successfully installing JRE, you are ready to install OpenJDK. Here, you can choose to install the default JDK, which will install the available version. Alternatively, you can opt to install a specific JDK version depending on your project requirements.
    For instance, if we want to install OpenJDK 17, we would execute our command as follows.
    $ sudo apt install openjdk-21-jdk During the installation process, you will get prompted to confirm a few things. Press ’y’ and hit the enter key to proceed with the installation. Once the installation is complete, you will have Java installed on your Ubuntu 24.04 and ready for use.
    The last task is to verify that Java is installed. By checking the version, you will get an output showing which version is installed. If you want a different version, ensure you specify it in the previous commands, as your project requirements could be different.
    $ java --version For our case, the output shows that we’ve installed Java v21.0.3 .
    Conclusion
    Installing Java on Ubuntu 24.04 isn’t a complicated process. However, you must know what your project requirements are to guide which version you install. To recap, installing Java requires you to first update the repository. Next, install JRE and then specify what OpenJDK version to install. You will have managed to install Java on Ubuntu 24.04, and this post shares more details on each step.
  3. Blogger

    Install NPM on Ubuntu 24.04

    · Blogger · 04/11/24 02:57 PM

    The Node Package Manager (NPM) is a tool that allows developers to install and work with different JavaScript packages efficiently. Installing NPM involves installing Node.js, and this post shares all the insights you need to install NPM.Node.js is a suitable option for anyone looking to have a scalable backend that utilizes JavaScript. Node.js is built on Chrome’s V8 JS engine, and you can easily install it on your Ubuntu 24.04 to start powering your backend functionality in your projects. We will focus on understanding three options for installing NPM on Ubuntu 24.04. Method 1: Install NPM on Ubuntu 24.04 via APT
    You can find the NPM and Node.js from the Ubuntu repository. If you don’t need any specific Node.js version for your project, you can utilize this option to install NPM and Node.js with the below commands.
    First, run the update command.
    $ sudo apt update Next, source Node.js from the default repository and install it using the command below.
    $ sudo apt install nodejs At this point, you have Node.js installed, and you can verify the installed version using the command below.
    $ node -v To install NPM, run the following command.
    $ sudo apt install npm Verify that NPM is installed by checking its version.
    $ npm --version We have npm v9 for our case. You can now comfortably start working on your Node.js project, and with NPM installed, you have room to install any dependencies or packages.
    That’s the first option of installing NPM and Node.js on Ubuntu 24.04.
    Method 2: Install NPM Using NodeSource PPA
    When you install the NodeSource package, it will install NPM without you needing to install it separately. This method allows you to install a specific Nodejs package provided you’ve correctly added the PPA by downloading it using wget or curl.
    Start by visiting the Nodejs project to see which version you want to install.
    Once you decide on the version, retrieve it using curl as in the following command. For our example, we’ve retrieved version 20.x.
    $ curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_20.x -o nodesource_setup.sh The script will get saved in your current directory, and you can verify it using the ls command.
    The next step is to run the script, but before that, you can open it with a text editor to confirm that it is safe to execute.
    You can then run the script using bash with the following command.
    $ sudo bash nodesocurce_setup.sh The command will add the NodeSource PPA to your local package, where you can source and install Node.js. When the script completes executing, you will get an output confirming the PPA has been added, and it will display the command you should use to install Node.js.
    Note that before installing the Node.js package, if you have already installed it using the previous method, it’s best to uninstall it to avoid running into an error. To do so, use the below command.
    $ sudo apt autoremove nodejs npm To install the Nodejs package, which will also install NPM, run the following command.
    $ sudo apt install nodejs Your system will source the package from the local package where we added the PPA. It will then proceed to install the NodeSource package version that you downloaded.
    Once the installation is complete, check its version using the following command.
    $ node -v The output will display the node version you downloaded, which is v20.12.2 for our case. Still, if we check the installed NPM version, you will notice it’s different from what we had earlier.
    $ npm --version The PPA installed NPM v10.5.0, which is higher than what we installed in method one earlier.
    Conclusion
    For anyone looking to use NPM and Node.js to power their backend application, this post shares two different methods for seamlessly installing NPM. This allows you to run your Node.js and install packages effectively. You can install NPM from the default Ubuntu 24.04 repository or add its PPA from the Node Source project, which will automatically install NPM alongside Node.js.
  4. Blogger
    As the name suggests, grep or global regular expression print lets you search for specific text patterns within a file’s contents. Its functionalities include pattern recognition, defining case sensitivity, searching multiple files, recursive search, and many more. 
    So whether you’re a beginner or a system administrator, knowing about the grep command to locate the files efficiently is good. This tutorial will explain how to use grep in Linux and discuss its different applications.
    How To Use Grep Command in Linux
    The basic function of the grep command is to search for a particular text inside a file. You can do that by entering the following command:
    grep "text_to_search" file.txt Please replace ‘text_to_search’ with the text you want to search for and ‘file.txt’ with the target file. For example, to find the string “Hello” in the file named file.txt, we will use:
    grep "Hello" file.txt
    On entering the above command, grep will scan the Intro.txt file for “Hello.” As a result, it shows the output of the whole line or lines containing the target text.
    If the target file is on a path different from your current directory, please mention that path along with the file name. For instance:
    grep "Hello" ~/Documents/file.txt
    Here, the tildes ‘~’ mark represents your home directory. The above example shows how you can search for a piece of text in a single file. However, if you want to do the same search on multiple files at once, mention them subsequently in one grep command:
    grep "Hello" file.txt Linux_info.txt Password.txt
    In case you’re not sure about your string’s cases(uppercase or lowercase), perform a case-insensitive search by using the i option:
    grep -i "hello" Intro.txt
    Although the string we input was not the exact match, we received accurate results through the case-insensitive search. In case you want to invert the changes and check files that don’t contain the specific pattern, then please use the v option:
    grep -v "Hello" file.txt Linux_info.txt Password.txt
    Moreover, if you want to display the lines that start with a certain word, use the ‘^’ symbol. It serves as an anchor that specifies the beginning of the line.
    grep "^Hello" file.txt
    The above commands will only be useful when you know which file to search. In this case, you can recursively search the string inside the whole directory using the r option. For example, let’s search “Hello” inside the Documents directory:
    grep -r "Hello" ~/Documents
    Furthermore, you can also count the number of times the input string appears in a file through the c option:
    grep -c "Hello" Intro.txt
    Similarly, you can display the line numbers along with the matched lines with the n option:
    grep -n "Hello" Intro.txt
    A Quick Wrap-up
    Users often remember that a file used to contain a piece of text but forget the file name, which can land them in deep trouble. Hence, this tutorial was about using the grep command to search for text in a file’s contents. Furthermore, we have used different examples to demonstrate how you can tweak the grep command’s functioning with a few options. You can experiment by combining multiple options to find out what suits best according to your use case.
  5. Blogger
    Linux works well as a multiuser operating system. Many users can access a single OS simultaneously without interpreting each other. However, if others can access your directories or files, the risk may increase. 
    Hence, from a security perspective, securing the data from others is essential. Linux has features to control access from permissions and ownership. The ownership of files, folders, or directories is categorized into three parts, which are:
    User (u): This is the default owner, also called the file’s creator. Group (g): It is the collection of multiple users with the same permissions to access folders or files.  Other (o): Those users not in the above two categories belong to it.  That’s why Linux offers simple ways to change file permissions without hassles. So in this quick blog, we have included all the possible methods to change file permissions in Linux. 
    How to Change File Permissions in Linux
    In Linux, mainly Linux file permissions are divided into three parts, and these are:
    Read (r): In this category, users can only open and read the file and can’t make any changes to it.  Write (w): Users can edit, delete, and modify the file content with written permission. Execute (x): When the user has this permission, they can execute the executable script and access the file details. Owner Representation Modify permission using the operator   Permission symbols for symbolic mode Permission symbols for absolute mode User → u To add use ‘+’ Read → r To add or subtract read use ± 4 Group → g To subtract use ‘-‘ Write → w To add or subtract read use ± 2 Other → o To set use ‘=’ Execute → x To add or subtract read use ± 1 As you can see from the above table, there are two types of symbol representation of permission. You can use both of these modes (symbolic and absolute) to change file permissions using the chmod command. The chmod refers to the change mode that allows users to modify the access permission of files or folders.
    Using chmod Symbolic Mode
    In this method, we use the symbol (for owner- u, g, o; for permission- r, w, x) to add, subtract, or set the permissions using the following syntax:
    chmod <owner_symbol> mode <permission_symbol> <filename> Before changing the file permission, first, we need to find the current one. For this, we use the ‘ls’ command.
    ls -l
    Here the permission symbols belong to the following owner:
    ‘-‘ : shows the file type. ‘rw-‘ : shows the permission of the user (read and write) ‘rw-‘ : shows the permission of the group(read and write) ‘r- -‘ : shows the permission of others (read) In the above image, we highlighted one file in which the user has read and write permission, the group has read and write permission, and the other has only read permission. So here, we are going to add executable permission to others. For this, use the following command:
    chmod o+x os.txt
    As you can see, the execute permission has been added to the other category. Simultaneously, you can also change the multiple permissions of different owners. Following the above example, again, we change the permissions in it. So, here, we add executable permission from the user, remove write permission from the group, and add write permission to others. For this, we can run the below command:
    chmod -v u+x ,g-w,o+w os.txt
    Note: Use commas while separating owners, but do not leave space between them.
    Using chmod Absolute Mode
    Similarly, you can change the permission through absolute mode. In this method, mathematical operators (+, -, =) and numbers represent the permissions, as shown in the above table. For example, let’s take an example and the updated permission of the file data is as follows:

    Mathematical representation of the permission:
    User Read + Write Permission is represented as  665
    4+2=6 Group Read + Write 4+2=6 Other Read + Execute 4+1=5 Now, we are going to remove read permission from the user and others, and the final calculation is:
    User Read + Write -Read (-4) Updated permission is represented as  261
    4+2=6 6-4=2 Group Read + Write – 4+2=6 6 Other Read + Execute -Read (-4) 4+1=5 5-4=1 To update the permission, use the following chmod command:
    chmod -v 261 os.txt
    Change User Ownership of the File
    Apart from changing the file permission, you may also have a situation where you have to change the file ownership. For this, the chown is used which represents the change owner. 

    The file details represent the following details:
    <filetype> <file_permission> <user_name> <group_name> <file_name> So, in the above example, the owner’s or user name is ‘prateek’, and you can change the user name that only exists on your system. Before changing the username, first list all the users using the following command:
    cat /etc/passwd Or
    awk -F ':' '{print $1}' /etc/passwd
    Now, you can change the username of your current or new file between these names. The general syntax to change the file owner is as follows:
    sudo chown <new_username> <filename> Note: Sudo permission is required in some cases.
    Based on the above result, we want to change the username from ‘prateek’ to ‘proxy.’ To do this, we run the below command in the terminal:
    sudo chown proxy os.txt
    Change Group Ownership of the File
    First, list all the groups that are present in your system using the following command:
    cat /etc/group | cut -d: f1
    The  ‘chgrp’ command (change group) changes the filegroup. Here, we change the group name from ‘prateek’ to ‘disk’ using the following command:
    sudo chgrp disk os.txt
    Conclusion
    Managing file permissions is essential for access control and data security. In this guide, we focused on changing the file permissions in Linux. It has a feature through which you can control ownership (user, group, others) and permissions (read, write, execute). Users can add, subtract, or set the permissions according to their needs. Users can easily modify the file permissions through the chmod command using the symbolic and absolute methods. 
  6. Blogger
    Operating systems use packets for transferring the data on a network. These are small chunks of information that carry data and travel among devices. Moreover, when any network problem arises, packets aid in identifying the root cause of the underlying problem. How? By tracing the route of those packets.
    The traceroute command in Linux helps you map the path packets take while traveling to a specific destination. This further helps you troubleshoot network latency, packet loss, network hops, DNS resolution issues, slow website access, and more. So, in this blog, we will explain simple ways to use the traceroute command in Linux.
    How To Use Traceroute Command in Linux
    Firstly, the traceroute does not come preinstalled in many Linux distributions. However, you can install it by executing one of the below command according to your system: 
    Operating System Command Debian/Ubuntu sudo apt install traceroute Fedora sudo dnf install traceroute Arch Linux sudo pacman -Sy traceroute openSUSE sudo zypper install traceroute After installation, you can implement the traceroute command by entering:
    traceroute <destination_IP>
    Replace <destination_IP> with the device’s IP address at the destination. Once you run the command, your system will display the list of hops with the IP address and response time. Hops are the devices that your packets go through while traveling to a specific destination. For example, let’s use the traceroute command for Google’s IP address:
    traceroute 8.8.8.8
    The result shows only one hop while marking others as an asterisk(*). This happens because the subsequent hops did not respond within the timeout period of 3 seconds. Moreover, the traceroute command, by default, uses DNS resolution to get the hostnames of hops, which slows down the process. You can omit that part and guide it to display only the IP addresses by using the -n option:
    traceroute -n <destination_IP>
    If you want to limit the number of hops, use the -m option along with the traceroute command:
    traceroute -m N <destination_IP>
    Here, put the desired number of hops in place of N. On execution, it will return only N number of hops in the results. The traceroute command only displays every hop’s round-trip time(RTT). However, you can get more detailed timing information with the -I option:
    traceroute -I <destination_IP>
    This command sends an ICMP echo request to retrieve more accurate RTT data. For instance, retake the example of Google:
    Tip: If your specified destination restricts ICMP packets, you can instead trace the UDP packets by employing the -U option:
    traceroute -U <destination_IP>
    In case you want to explore more options for traceroute, then please run the below command: 
    traceroute --help
    A Quick Wrap-up
    Traceroute is an amazing CLI utility that you can use to diagnose network-related issues in Linux. It traces the path of packets to identify all the critical issues of the network. Hence, We have explained every single detail about the traceroute command with the help of some examples. 
  7. Blogger
    The htop is a CLI utility to check an interactive list of running processes in real-time. It is a more feature-rich and user-friendly alternative to the top command. The htop command allows you to manage system processes, monitor resources, and perform other administration tasks.
    One of the most prominent features of htop is that it shows color-coded processes, which helps you differentiate them based on resource usage. Furthermore, it lets you customize the results with its sort and filter options. So, this short tutorial is about how to use the htop command in Linux without hassles. Unlike top, the htop command is not preinstalled in most Linux systems. That’s why you must install it using the following commands:
    Operating System Command Debian/Ubuntu sudo apt-get install htop Fedora sudo dnf install htop RHEL/CentOS sudo yum install htop Now, you can use the htop command, so let’s start with the basics:

    htop  

    When you execute the above command, it launches the htop utility. Here, you can use the arrow keys to navigate up and down the processes. Moreover, press ‘F1’ or ‘?’ to get the help screen for additional navigation shortcuts.
    Sort Processes in htop
    In htop, you can sort the processes by CPU, memory, and other usage. Open the sorting menu by pressing F6:

    For example, select the PERCENT_CPU option and press ‘Enter.’

    As you can see in the above image, all the processes are now sorted by CPU consumption. 
    Search and Filter Processes in htop
    To search any process in htop, please go through the following steps:
    Press ‘F3’ to open the search bar.

    Similarly, press ‘F4’ to filter out the processes.
    Additional Options with htop
    -d, –delay=[argument]: By default, htop updates the processes every second, but you can add a delay using this option. For instance, to introduce a delay of 10 seconds, we would enter ‘–delay=10.’

    -C, –no-color: This option disables the color output, which is helpful in systems with limited terminal support for colors.

    -u, –user=[username]: To display the processes for a specific user. Just replace ‘[username]’ with the target user’s name.

    -p, –pid=[PID1,PID2]: Displays information for specified process IDs. For example, let’s check the details of PID 1:

    htop -p 1  

    -v, –version: Prints htop version information.

    -h, –help: This displays a help message with usage information.

    Kill a Process in htop
    If you want to kill any process, select it and press the ‘F9’ key or ‘k’ to transmit a kill signal for the selected process.
    Wrapping Up
    Htop is a powerful utility for interactively checking system processes in real time. This tutorial briefly discusses how to use the htop command. As htop is not a preinstalled utility in Linux distributions, your first step is to install it using the mentioned commands. Later, we explained how to sort, search, filter, and kill processes from the htop utility.
  8. Blogger
    All UNIX-based operating systems, including Linux, follow the structure that “everything is a file.” These systems treat all the regular files, directories, processes, symbolic links, and devices like external hardware as files. You can create, modify, and delete files using the commands or from the File Manager.
    Deleting files is essential when you accidentally create multiple files that become unnecessary for the system. So, in this quick blog, we will explain quick ways to delete a file in Linux with no trouble. There are a few methods of deleting the files, so let’s look at them individually with the correct examples. 
    The rm Command
    You can use the rm command to delete the file from the terminal. For example, you want to delete the “filename.txt” located in the Downloads directory, so first run the below command to open the directory in the terminal:
    cd ~/Downloads
     
    Then, use the following command:
    rm filename.txt
    The rm command doesn’t display any output, but you can use the -v option to get the output:
    rm -v filename.txt
    If you want to delete multiple files from the current directory, you can mention all those files in a single rm command. For example, to delete three files– file1.txt, file2.txt, file3.txt, please run the below command:
    rm file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt
    In case you want to delete all the files with the same extension, then you can run the following command: 
    rm *.txt
    As the above image shows, we have deleted all the .txt files from the Downloads directory. Moreover, you can use multiple extensions in a single command to delete different types of files simultaneously. For example, let’s delete all the files having the .txt and the .sh extensions: 
    rm -v *.sh *.txt
    Similarly, you can empty a directory by only adding the * in the rm command: 
    rm *
    Remember, the above command deletes all files except the directories. Hence, if there is a subdirectory, then the terminal will show the following output: 

    However, you can use the -r option with the rm command to delete the subdirectories. The -r option recursively deletes the directory along with its contents:
    rm -r *
    In case you want to get the confirmation before deleting the file, please use the -i option. 
    rm -i *
    Once you run the command, the system will show a confirmation prompt, so all you have to do is press Y to delete or N to decline it. 
    From the File Manager
    We recommend deleting the file from the File Manager if you are a Linux beginner. So first open the File Manager and locate the directory: 

    Now select the file and right-click it to get the context menu.

    Finally, click on the Move to Trash option or press Delete button.
    A Quick Wrap-up
    Linux has various commands and methods to delete a file quickly. However, users must know how to delete files to maintain an organized system and minimal storage consumption. This quick tutorial explained two ways of doing so. Initially, we discussed how the rm command works, then explained briefly the step-by-step process of deleting files using the GUI.
  9. Blogger
    The Logrotate utility simplifies the process of administering log files. It relocates and replaces log files to manage their size and organize them while maintaining the information present inside them. For example, it will maintain seven log files to keep daily records for seven days.
    While rotating the log files, Logrotate deletes irrelevant old logs, preventing them from consuming excessive disk space. It runs periodically in the background to keep your systems organized and clean. So, if you want to learn about Logrotate, this blog is for you. Here, we have included in-depth information about how to set Logrotate on Linux.
    How To Set Logrotate on Linux
    Although many Linux distributions have Logrotate as the pre-installed utility. However, if your system does not have Logrotate, please use the following command to install it:

    sudo apt install logrotate
    Now, let’s move to the configuration part. There are two kinds of logrotate configurations– global and system-specific. Open the ‘/etc/logrotate.conf’ file using a text editor. It is Logrotate’s primary configuration file, and any changes made to it will affect the whole system.

    sudo nano /etc/logrotate.conf
    This file has three key sections:
    To specify the rotation frequency, i.e., the time it should rotate the logs. It is set to weekly by default, but you can change it to daily, weekly, or monthly. To define the number of rotated files it should keep, adjust the value based on how much historical data you want to retain. For instance, ‘rotate 4’ guides it to keep the latest four rotated log files and delete the earlier ones to free up disk space. The third is to specify the permissions and ownership of the new log files it’ll create. You can tweak these settings according to what suits your system best. For instance, to maintain weekly records for one month(28 days), you must enter:

    weekly
    rotate 4
    create 0644 root root This way, it will rotate one file weekly and keep four such files. Further, it creates a new log file for currently occurring events while giving the root user and group the read-and-write permissions and read-only for others.
    If you have to monitor a specific application’s logs for underlying issues. In that case, you can tailor log rotation settings for that application by creating its separate logrotate configuration file. Let’s take an example of conda. First, create its file using:

    sudo nano /etc/logrotate.d/conda In this file, add configurations specific to the conda logs:

    /var/log/conda/*.log {
    weekly
    rotate 4
    compress
    delaycompress
    missingok
    notifempty
    create 0644 root root
    }
    Here, the compress command guides to compress the files so that resulting files take up less space. With the delaycompress command, you can hold the latest rotated file uncompressed to make it convenient for the users to refer to it.
    The missingok option tells logrotate to ignore the absence of a log file and continue its operations without any error. At last, with notifempty, logrotate won’t rotate any empty log file. The logrotate should run automatically as per the default settings. However, you must confirm it using:

    nano /etc/cron.daily/logrotate A Quick Wrap-up
    Knowing the configuration process of the logrotate utility is crucial for system administrators and is also essential for disk management in Linux devices. Hence, this blog explains the approaches used to set logrotate on Linux. You can modify configurations globally and simultaneously change them for specific applications. Moreover, system-specific configurations should be used responsibly because they always override global settings.
  10. Blogger
    Processes are the running instances of programs that consume system resources. Listing these processes helps you monitor system activity, and  troubleshoot issues. That’s why there are multiple tools and utilities in Linux that you can use to list the currently running process. However, many beginners don’t know the exact way to list the process without errors. So, in this short article, we will explain different methods to list the process in Linux. We have divided this section into multiple parts to give you the best commands to list the processes in Linux.
    The ps Command
    The ps, or “process status,” is the most common utility to list processes in the terminal:
    ps -e
    The -e option guides ps to show every process regardless of whether the user owns those processes. Furthermore, you can customize the ps command to produce additional details using the “aux” options:
    ps aux
    The top Command
    If you desire to view the real-time list of system processes, please use the top command. It continuously updates the process list according to new and completed processes, providing more accurate results:
    top
    The above command on execution shows the list of processes as per their CPU consumption. Moreover, You can not interact with the terminal until you press “q” to quit the top utility.
    The pstree Command
    The pstree is very different from the above two commands because it displays the hierarchical relationship of processes in a tree-like structure. It helps you visually understand how a process starts and its connection with other active processes.
    pstree
    The Glances Tool
    The Glances tool provides a brief overview of the currently running process. However, you have to install the tool by running the below command: 
    Operating System Command Debian/Ubuntu sudo apt install glances Fedora sudo dnf install glances Arch Linux sudo pacman -Sy glances openSUSE sudo zypper install glances After the successful installation, you can open the Glances by running the following command:
    glances
    A Quick Summary
    Knowing how to list processes can help free up the space and turn off the currently running process. This article covered four ways– the top, ps, pstree, and pgrep commands. You can choose to use any of them according to what suits you best. We recommend you use any commands carefully, or you may get errors.
  11. Blogger
    by: Guest Contributor
    Tue, 31 Oct 2023 00:55:00 GMT

    In the realm of database offerings, where data is the lifeblood of modern businesses, constructing resilient systems isn't just a best practice; it's a strategic imperative. Disaster recovery planning has become a cornerstone in ensuring the continuity of operations, safeguarding valuable data, and minimizing the impact of unexpected events. This article delves into the critical factors of disaster recovery planning in database services, highlighting the essential requirements and strategies to build resilient systems that can withstand the challenges of unexpected disruptions.
    Understanding the Need for Disaster Recovery Planning
    Unpredictable Nature of Disasters
    Disasters, whether natural or human-triggered, are inherently unpredictable. From earthquakes and floods to cyber attacks and hardware failures, a myriad of events can threaten the availability, integrity, and security of database systems.
    Business Continuity and Data Integrity
    Database services play a pivotal role in the daily operations of organizations. Ensuring business continuity and maintaining data integrity are paramount, as disruptions can cause financial losses, reputational damage, and operational setbacks.
    Key Principles of Disaster Recovery Planning
    Risk Assessment and Impact Analysis
    Conduct a thorough risk assessment to identify potential threats and vulnerabilities. Additionally, perform an impact analysis to understand the effects of different disaster scenarios on database services. This foundational step guides the development of a focused and effective recovery plan.
    Define Recovery Objectives
    Clearly define recovery objectives, such as Recovery Time Objectives (RTO) and Recovery Point Objectives (RPO). RTO outlines the acceptable downtime, while RPO determines the maximum acceptable data loss in the event of a disaster. These objectives serve as benchmarks for the effectiveness of the recovery plan.
    Data Backup and Redundancy
    Implement robust data backup and redundancy strategies. Regularly back up critical data and store copies in geographically diverse locations. This ensures that, in the event of a disaster, businesses can quickly restore operations using the most recent available data.
    While both terms are often used in the same conversations, this isn’t an either/or decision. Both backups and redundancy offer two distinct and equally valuable solutions to ensuring business continuity in the face of unplanned accidents, unexpected attacks, or system failures.
    Redundancy is designed to increase your operational time, boost workforce productivity, and reduce the amount of time a system is unavailable due to a failure. Backup, however, is designed to kick in when something goes wrong, allowing you to completely rebuild regardless of what caused the failure. Moreover, if you use ELT tools for regular updating of critical data across backup and redundancy systems, maintaining seamless data access and continuity will become much easier. This becomes especially important when you stream your data to databases or data warehouses through such ELT solutions as BigQuery connectors.
    In short, redundancy prevents failure while backups prevent loss. In a modern business environment that is inherently dependent on access to large volumes of data, it’s clear that operational redundancy and backups are both critical elements of an effective continuity strategy.
    Comprehensive Documentation
    Document all aspects of the disaster recovery plan comprehensively. This includes procedures for data backup, system restoration, communication protocols, and the roles and responsibilities of the recovery team. Well-documented plans facilitate a smooth and coordinated response during crises.
    Strategies for Building Resilient Systems
    Geographical Distribution and Cloud Services
    Leverage the geographical distribution capabilities of cloud services. Distributing data across multiple regions and utilizing cloud-based databases enhances redundancy and ensures data availability even if one region is impacted by a disaster.
    Redundant Infrastructure
    Implement redundant infrastructure at both the hardware and software levels. Redundant servers, storage systems, and network components can mitigate the impact of hardware failures. Additionally, consider using load balancing and failover mechanisms to distribute workloads and ensure continuous service availability.
    Regular Testing and Simulation
    Conduct regular testing and simulation exercises to validate the effectiveness of the disaster recovery plan. Simulating different disaster scenarios, such as data corruption, network failures, or system outages, helps organizations identify weaknesses and fine-tune their recovery strategies.
    Automated Monitoring and Alerts
    Implement automated monitoring tools that continuously track the health and performance of database services. Set up alerts for critical thresholds and potential issues, enabling proactive identification of anomalies and rapid response to emerging problems.
    Incident Response and Communication
    Incident Response Team
    Form an incident response team responsible for executing the disaster recovery plan. Clearly define the roles and responsibilities of team members, ensuring that each member is well-trained and familiar with their specific duties during a disaster.
    Communication Protocols
    Establish clear communication protocols for disseminating information during a disaster. Define channels, responsibilities, and escalation procedures to ensure that stakeholders, including employees, customers, and relevant authorities, are informed promptly and accurately.
    Continuous Improvement and Adaptability
    Post-Incident Review and Analysis
    Conduct post-incident reviews and analysis after each simulation or actual disaster. This retrospective examination allows organizations to identify areas for improvement, refine recovery strategies, and enhance the overall resilience of database services.
    Adaptability to Evolving Threats
    Recognize that the threat landscape is dynamic, with new risks emerging over time. Disaster recovery plans need to be adaptable and evolve alongside technological advancements and changing security threats. Regularly update and refine the plan to address new challenges effectively.
    Scaling Disaster Recovery with Business Growth
    As businesses expand, data volume grows, and infrastructure becomes more complex. Old disaster recovery strategies and plans may now fall short. It becomes essential for businesses to evaluate and improve their disaster recovery plans to adapt to growing needs. This includes scaling resources and updating recovery objectives.
    Conclusion
    Building resilient systems through comprehensive disaster recovery planning is a crucial investment in the long-term success and viability of database services. By adhering to key principles, implementing strategic recovery strategies, and fostering a culture of continuous improvement, organizations can make their databases more robust against unexpected events. As the digital landscape evolves, the ability to recover quickly and efficiently from disasters will become a hallmark of organizations that prioritize data integrity, business continuity, and trust within their stakeholders.
  12. Blogger
    by: Guest Contributor
    Tue, 31 Oct 2023 00:55:00 GMT

    In the realm of database offerings, where data is the lifeblood of modern businesses, constructing resilient systems isn't just a best practice; it's a strategic imperative. Disaster recovery planning has become a cornerstone in ensuring the continuity of operations, safeguarding valuable data, and minimizing the impact of unexpected events. This article delves into the critical factors of disaster recovery planning in database services, highlighting the essential requirements and strategies to build resilient systems that can withstand the challenges of unexpected disruptions.
    Understanding the Need for Disaster Recovery Planning
    Unpredictable Nature of Disasters
    Disasters, whether natural or human-triggered, are inherently unpredictable. From earthquakes and floods to cyber attacks and hardware failures, a myriad of events can threaten the availability, integrity, and security of database systems.
    Business Continuity and Data Integrity
    Database services play a pivotal role in the daily operations of organizations. Ensuring business continuity and maintaining data integrity are paramount, as disruptions can cause financial losses, reputational damage, and operational setbacks.
    Key Principles of Disaster Recovery Planning
    Risk Assessment and Impact Analysis
    Conduct a thorough risk assessment to identify potential threats and vulnerabilities. Additionally, perform an impact analysis to understand the effects of different disaster scenarios on database services. This foundational step guides the development of a focused and effective recovery plan.
    Define Recovery Objectives
    Clearly define recovery objectives, such as Recovery Time Objectives (RTO) and Recovery Point Objectives (RPO). RTO outlines the acceptable downtime, while RPO determines the maximum acceptable data loss in the event of a disaster. These objectives serve as benchmarks for the effectiveness of the recovery plan.
    Data Backup and Redundancy
    Implement robust data backup and redundancy strategies. Regularly back up critical data and store copies in geographically diverse locations. This ensures that, in the event of a disaster, businesses can quickly restore operations using the most recent available data.
    While both terms are often used in the same conversations, this isn’t an either/or decision. Both backups and redundancy offer two distinct and equally valuable solutions to ensuring business continuity in the face of unplanned accidents, unexpected attacks, or system failures.
    Redundancy is designed to increase your operational time, boost workforce productivity, and reduce the amount of time a system is unavailable due to a failure. Backup, however, is designed to kick in when something goes wrong, allowing you to completely rebuild regardless of what caused the failure. Moreover, if you use ELT tools for regular updating of critical data across backup and redundancy systems, maintaining seamless data access and continuity will become much easier.
    In short, redundancy prevents failure while backups prevent loss. In a modern business environment that is inherently dependent on access to large volumes of data, it’s clear that operational redundancy and backups are both critical elements of an effective continuity strategy.
    Comprehensive Documentation
    Document all aspects of the disaster recovery plan comprehensively. This includes procedures for data backup, system restoration, communication protocols, and the roles and responsibilities of the recovery team. Well-documented plans facilitate a smooth and coordinated response during crises.
    Strategies for Building Resilient Systems
    Geographical Distribution and Cloud Services
    Leverage the geographical distribution capabilities of cloud services. Distributing data across multiple regions and utilizing cloud-based databases enhances redundancy and ensures data availability even if one region is impacted by a disaster.
    Redundant Infrastructure
    Implement redundant infrastructure at both the hardware and software levels. Redundant servers, storage systems, and network components can mitigate the impact of hardware failures. Additionally, consider using load balancing and failover mechanisms to distribute workloads and ensure continuous service availability.
    Regular Testing and Simulation
    Conduct regular testing and simulation exercises to validate the effectiveness of the disaster recovery plan. Simulating different disaster scenarios, such as data corruption, network failures, or system outages, helps organizations identify weaknesses and fine-tune their recovery strategies.
    Automated Monitoring and Alerts
    Implement automated monitoring tools that continuously track the health and performance of database services. Set up alerts for critical thresholds and potential issues, enabling proactive identification of anomalies and rapid response to emerging problems.
    Incident Response and Communication
    Incident Response Team
    Form an incident response team responsible for executing the disaster recovery plan. Clearly define the roles and responsibilities of team members, ensuring that each member is well-trained and familiar with their specific duties during a disaster.
    Communication Protocols
    Establish clear communication protocols for disseminating information during a disaster. Define channels, responsibilities, and escalation procedures to ensure that stakeholders, including employees, customers, and relevant authorities, are informed promptly and accurately.
    Continuous Improvement and Adaptability
    Post-Incident Review and Analysis
    Conduct post-incident reviews and analysis after each simulation or actual disaster. This retrospective examination allows organizations to identify areas for continuous improvement, refine recovery strategies, and enhance the overall resilience of database services.
    Adaptability to Evolving Threats
    Recognize that the threat landscape is dynamic, with new risks emerging over time. Disaster recovery plans need to be adaptable and evolve alongside technological advancements and changing security threats. Regularly update and refine the plan to address new challenges effectively.
    Conclusion
    Building resilient systems through comprehensive disaster recovery planning is a crucial investment in the long-term success and viability of database services. By adhering to key principles, implementing strategic recovery strategies, and fostering a culture of continuous improvement, organizations can make their databases more robust against unexpected events. As the digital landscape evolves, the ability to recover quickly and efficiently from disasters will become a hallmark of organizations that prioritize data integrity, business continuity, and trust within their stakeholders.
  13. Blogger
    by: Scott Robinson
    Mon, 23 Oct 2023 14:12:00 GMT

    Deleting a file in Python is fairly easy to do. Let's discuss two methods to accomplish this task using different Python modules.
    Using the 'os' Module
    The os module in Python provides a method called os.remove() that can be used to delete a file. Here's a simple example:
    import os # specify the file name file_name = "test_file.txt" # delete the file os.remove(file_name) In the above example, we first import the os module. Then, we specify the name of the file to be deleted. Finally, we call os.remove() with the file name as the parameter to delete the file.
    Note: The os.remove() function can only delete files, not directories. If you try to delete a directory using this function, you'll get a IsADirectoryError.
    Using the 'shutil' Module
    The shutil module, short for "shell utilities", also provides a method to delete files - shutil.rmtree(). But why use shutil when os can do the job? Well, shutil can delete a whole directory tree (i.e., a directory and all its subdirectories). Let's see how to delete a file with shutil.
    import shutil # specify the file name file_name = "test_file.txt" # delete the file shutil.rmtree(file_name) The code looks pretty similar to the os example, right? That's one of the great parts of Python's design - consistency across modules. However, remember that shutil.rmtree() is more powerful and can remove non-empty directories as well, which we'll look at more closely in a later section.
    Deleting a Folder in Python
    Moving on to the topic of directory deletion, we can again use the os and shutil modules to accomplish this task. Here we'll explore both methods.
    Using the 'os' Module
    The os module in Python provides a method called os.rmdir() that allows us to delete an empty directory. Here's how you can use it:
    import os # specify the directory you want to delete folder_path = "/path/to/your/directory" # delete the directory os.rmdir(folder_path) The os.rmdir() method only deletes empty directories. If the directory is not empty, you'll encounter an OSError: [Errno 39] Directory not empty error.
    Using the 'shutil' Module
    In case you want to delete a directory that's not empty, you can use the shutil.rmtree() method from the shutil module.
    import shutil # specify the directory you want to delete folder_path = "/path/to/your/directory" # delete the directory shutil.rmtree(folder_path) The shutil.rmtree() method deletes a directory and all its contents, so use it cautiously!
    Wait! Always double-check the directory path before running the deletion code. You don't want to accidentally delete important files or directories!
    Common Errors
    When dealing with file and directory operations in Python, it's common to encounter a few specific errors. Understanding these errors is important to handling them gracefully and ensuring your code continues to run smoothly.
    PermissionError: [Errno 13] Permission denied
    One common error you might encounter when trying to delete a file or folder is the PermissionError: [Errno 13] Permission denied. This error occurs when you attempt to delete a file or folder that your Python script doesn't have the necessary permissions for.
    Here's an example of what this might look like:
    import os try: os.remove("/root/test.txt") except PermissionError: print("Permission denied") In this example, we're trying to delete a file in the root directory, which generally requires administrative privileges. When run, this code will output Permission denied.
    To avoid this error, ensure your script has the necessary permissions to perform the operation. This might involve running your script as an administrator, or modifying the permissions of the file or folder you're trying to delete.
    FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory
    Another common error is the FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory. This error is thrown when you attempt to delete a file or folder that doesn't exist.
    Here's how this might look:
    import os try: os.remove("nonexistent_file.txt") except FileNotFoundError: print("File not found") In this example, we're trying to delete a file that doesn't exist, so Python throws a FileNotFoundError.
    To avoid this, you can check if the file or folder exists before trying to delete it, like so:
    import os if os.path.exists("test.txt"): os.remove("test.txt") else: print("File not found") OSError: [Errno 39] Directory not empty
    The OSError: [Errno 39] Directory not empty error occurs when you try to delete a directory that's not empty using os.rmdir().
    For instance:
    import os try: os.rmdir("my_directory") except OSError: print("Directory not empty") This error can be avoided by ensuring the directory is empty before trying to delete it, or by using shutil.rmtree(), which can delete a directory and all its contents:
    import shutil shutil.rmtree("my_directory") Similar Solutions and Use-Cases
    Python's file and directory deletion capabilities can be applied in a variety of use-cases beyond simply deleting individual files or folders.
    Deleting Files with Specific Extensions
    Imagine you have a directory full of files, and you need to delete only those with a specific file extension, say .txt. Python, with its versatile libraries, can help you do this with ease. The os and glob modules are your friends here.
    import os import glob # Specify the file extension extension = "*.txt" # Specify the directory directory = "/path/to/directory/" # Combine the directory with the extension files = os.path.join(directory, extension) # Loop over the files and delete them for file in glob.glob(files): os.remove(file) This script will delete all .txt files in the specified directory. The glob module is used to retrieve files/pathnames matching a specified pattern. Here, the pattern is all files ending with .txt.
    Deleting Empty Directories
    Have you ever found yourself with a bunch of empty directories that you want to get rid of? Python's os module can help you here as well.
    import os # Specify the directory directory = "/path/to/directory/" # Use listdir() to check if directory is empty if not os.listdir(directory): os.rmdir(directory) The os.listdir(directory) function returns a list containing the names of the entries in the directory given by path. If the list is empty, it means the directory is empty, and we can safely delete it using os.rmdir(directory).
    Note: os.rmdir(directory) can only delete empty directories. If the directory is not empty, you'll get an OSError: [Errno 39] Directory not empty error.
  14. Blogger

    398: DevOops

    · Blogger · 01/26/23 01:30 AM

    by: Chris Coyier
    Thu, 26 Jan 2023 01:30:59 +0000

    Stephen and I hop on the podcast to chat about some of our recent tooling, local development, and DevOps work. A little while back, we cleaned up our entire monorepo’s circular dependency problems using Madge and elbow grease. That kind of thing usually isn’t the biggest of deals and the kind of thing a super mature bundler like webpack deals with, but other bundlers might choke on. Later, we learned that we had more dependency issues like inter-package circular dependencies (nothing like production deployments to keep you honest) and used more tooling (shout out npx depcheck) to clean more of it up. Workspaces in a monorepo can also paper over missing dependencies — blech.
    Another change was moving off using a .dev domain for local development, which oddly actually caused some strange and hard-to-diagnose DNS issues sometimes. We’re on .test now, which should never be a public TLD.
    Time Jumps
    00:26 Dev ops spring cleaning 01:25 Local dev with .dev, wait, no, .test 06:58 Sponsor: Notion 07:54 Circular dependency 11:41 Monorepo update 13:35 Interpackage and unused packages 16:25 TypeScript 17:54 Upgrading packages 20:35 Hierarchy of packages Sponsor: Notion
    Notion is an amazing collaborative tool that not only helps organize your company’s information but helps with project management as well. We know that all too well here at CodePen, as we use Notion for countless business tasks. Learn more and get started for free at notion.com. Take your first step toward an organized, happier team, today.
  15. Blogger
    by: Abhishek Prakash
    Thu, 17 Apr 2025 06:27:20 GMT

    It's the release week. Fedora 42 is already out. Ubuntu 25.04 will be releasing later today along with its flavors like Kubuntu, Xubuntu, Lubuntu etc.
    In the midst of these two heavyweights, MX Linux and Manjaro also quickly released newer versions. For Manjaro, it is more of an ISO refresh, as it is a rolling release distribution.
    Overall, a happening week for Linux lovers 🕺
    💬 Let's see what else you get in this edition
    Arco Linux bids farewell. Systemd working on its own Linux distro. Looking at the origin of UNIX. And other Linux news, tips, and, of course, memes! This edition of FOSS Weekly is supported by Aiven. ❇️ Aiven for ClickHouse® - The Fastest Open Source Analytics Database, Fully Managed
    ClickHouse processes analytical queries 100-1000x faster than traditional row-oriented systems. Aiven for ClickHouse® gives you the lightning-fast performance of ClickHouse–without the infrastructure overhead.
    Just a few clicks is all it takes to get your fully managed ClickHouse clusters up and running in minutes. With seamless vertical and horizontal scaling, automated backups, easy integrations, and zero-downtime updates, you can prioritize insights–and let Aiven handle the infrastructure.
    Managed ClickHouse database | AivenAiven for ClickHouse® – fully managed, maintenance-free data warehouse ✓ All-in-one open source cloud data platform ✓ Try it for freeAiven📰 Linux and Open Source News
    The Arch-based ArcoLinux has been discontinued. Fedora 42 has been released with some rather interesting changes. Manjaro 25.0 'Zetar' is here, offering a fresh image for new installations. ParticleOS is Systemd's attempt at a Linux distribution.
    ParticleOS: Systemd’s Very Own Linux Distro in MakingA Linux distro from systemd? Sounds interesting, right?It's FOSS NewsSourav Rudra🧠 What We’re Thinking About
    Linus Torvalds was told that Git is more popular than Linux.
    Git is More Popular than Linux: TorvaldsLinus Torvalds reflects on 20 years of Git.It's FOSS NewsSourav Rudra🧮 Linux Tips, Tutorials and More
    11 vibe coding tools to 10x your dev workflow. Adding comments in bash scripts. Understand the difference between Pipewire and Pulseaudio. Make your Logseq notes more readable by formatting them. That's a new series focusing on Logseq. From UNIX to today’s tech. Learn how it shaped the digital world. Desktop Linux is mostly neglected by the industry but loved by the community. For the past 12 years, It's FOSS has been helping people use Linux on their personal computers. And we are now facing the existential threat from AI models stealing our content.
    If you like what we do and would love to support our work, please become It's FOSS Plus member. It costs $24 a year (less than the cost of a burger meal each month) and you get an ad-free reading experience with the satisfaction of helping the desktop Linux community.
    Join It's FOSS Plus 👷 Homelab and Maker's Corner
    These 28 cool Raspberry Pi Zero W projects will keep you busy.
    28 Super Cool Raspberry Pi Zero W Project IdeasWondering what to do with your Raspberry Pi Zero W? Here are a bunch of project ideas you can spend some time on and satisfy your DIY craving.It's FOSSChinmay✨ Apps Highlight
    You can download YouTube videos using Seal on Android.
    Seal: A Nifty Open Source Android App to Download YouTube Video and AudioDownload YouTube video/music (for educational purpose or with consent) with this little, handy Android app.It's FOSS NewsSourav Rudra📽️ Videos I am Creating for You
    See the new features of Ubuntu 25.04 in action in this video.
    Subscribe to It's FOSS YouTube Channel🧩 Quiz Time
    Our Guess the Desktop Environment Crossword will test your knowledge.
    Guess the Desktop Environment: CrosswordTest your desktop Linux knowledge with this simple crossword puzzle. Can you solve it all correctly?It's FOSSAbhishek PrakashAlternatively, guess all of these open source privacy tools correctly?
    Know The Best Open-Source Privacy ToolsDo you utilize open-source tools for privacy?It's FOSSAnkush Das💡 Quick Handy Tip
    You can make Thunar open a new tab instead of a new window. This is good in situations when opening a folder from other apps, like a web browser. This reduces screen clutter.
    First, click on Edit ⇾ Preferences. Here, go to the Behavior tab. Now, under "Tabs and Windows", enable the first checkbox as shown above or all three if you need the functionality of the other two.
    🤣 Meme of the Week
    We are generally a peaceful bunch, for the most part. 🫣
    🗓️ Tech Trivia
    On April 16, 1959, John McCarthy publicly introduced LISP, a programming language for AI that emphasized symbolic computation. This language remains influential in AI research today.
    🧑‍🤝‍🧑 FOSSverse Corner
    FOSSers are discussing VoIP, do you have any insights to add here?
    A discussion over Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)I live in a holiday village where we have several different committees and meetings, for those not present to attend the meetings we do video conférences using voip. A few years back the prefered system was skype, we changed to whatsapp last year as we tend to use its messaging facilities and its free. We have a company who manages our accounts, they prefer using teams, paid for version as they can invoice us for its use … typical accountant. My question, does it make any difference in band w…It's FOSS Communitycallpaul.eu (Paul)❤️ With love
    Share it with your Linux-using friends and encourage them to subscribe (hint: it's here).
    Share the articles in Linux Subreddits and community forums.
    Follow us on Google News and stay updated in your News feed.
    Opt for It's FOSS Plus membership and support us 🙏
    Enjoy FOSS 😄
  16. Blogger
    by: Juan Diego Rodríguez
    Wed, 12 Feb 2025 14:15:28 +0000

    We’ve been able to get the length of the viewport in CSS since… checks notes… 2013! Surprisingly, that was more than a decade ago. Getting the viewport width is as easy these days as easy as writing 100vw, but what does that translate to, say, in pixels? What about the other properties, like those that take a percentage, an angle, or an integer?
    Think about changing an element’s opacity, rotating it, or setting an animation progress based on the screen size. We would first need the viewport as an integer — which isn’t currently possible in CSS, right?
    What I am about to say isn’t a groundbreaking discovery, it was first described amazingly by Jane Ori in 2023. In short, we can use a weird hack (or feature) involving the tan() and atan2() trigonometric functions to typecast a length (such as the viewport) to an integer. This opens many new layout possibilities, but my first experience was while writing an Almanac entry in which I just wanted to make an image’s opacity responsive.
    Resize the CodePen and the image will get more transparent as the screen size gets smaller, of course with some boundaries, so it doesn’t become invisible:
    CodePen Embed Fallback This is the simplest we can do, but there is a lot more. Take, for example, this demo I did trying to combine many viewport-related effects. Resize the demo and the page feels alive: objects move, the background changes and the text smoothly wraps in place.
    CodePen Embed Fallback I think it’s really cool, but I am no designer, so that’s the best my brain could come up with. Still, it may be too much for an introduction to this typecasting hack, so as a middle-ground, I’ll focus only on the title transition to showcase how all of it works:
    CodePen Embed Fallback Setting things up
    The idea behind this is to convert 100vw to radians (a way to write angles) using atan2(), and then back to its original value using tan(), with the perk of coming out as an integer. It should be achieved like this:
    :root { --int-width: tan(atan2(100vw, 1px)); } But! Browsers aren’t too keep on this method, so a lot more wrapping is needed to make it work across all browsers. The following may seem like magic (or nonsense), so I recommend reading Jane’s post to better understand it, but this way it will work in all browsers:
    @property --100vw { syntax: "<length>"; initial-value: 0px; inherits: false; } :root { --100vw: 100vw; --int-width: calc(10000 * tan(atan2(var(--100vw), 10000px))); } Don’t worry too much about it. What’s important is our precious --int-width variable, which holds the viewport size as an integer!
    CodePen Embed Fallback Wideness: One number to rule them all
    Right now we have the viewport as an integer, but that’s just the first step. That integer isn’t super useful by itself. We oughta convert it to something else next since:
    different properties have different units, and we want each property to go from a start value to an end value. Think about an image’s opacity going from 0 to 1, an object rotating from 0deg to 360deg, or an element’s offset-distance going from 0% to 100%. We want to interpolate between these values as --int-width gets bigger, but right now it’s just an integer that usually ranges between 0 to 1600, which is inflexible and can’t be easily converted to any of the end values.
    The best solution is to turn --int-width into a number that goes from 0 to 1. So, as the screen gets bigger, we can multiply it by the desired end value. Lacking a better name, I call this “0-to-1” value --wideness. If we have --wideness, all the last examples become possible:
    /* If `--wideness is 0.5 */ .element { opacity: var(--wideness); /* is 0.5 */ translate: rotate(calc(wideness(400px, 1200px) * 360deg)); /* is 180deg */ offset-distance: calc(var(--wideness) * 100%); /* is 50% */ } So --wideness is a value between 0 to 1 that represents how wide the screen is: 0 represents when the screen is narrow, and 1 represents when it’s wide. But we still have to set what those values mean in the viewport. For example, we may want 0 to be 400px and 1 to be 1200px, our viewport transitions will run between these values. Anything below and above is clamped to 0 and 1, respectively.
    In CSS, we can write that as follows:
    :root { /* Both bounds are unitless */ --lower-bound: 400; --upper-bound: 1200; --wideness: calc( (clamp(var(--lower-bound), var(--int-width), var(--upper-bound)) - var(--lower-bound)) / (var(--upper-bound) - var(--lower-bound)) ); } Besides easy conversions, the --wideness variable lets us define the lower and upper limits in which the transition should run. And what’s even better, we can set the transition zone at a middle spot so that the user can see it in its full glory. Otherwise, the screen would need to be 0px so that --wideness reaches 0 and who knows how wide to reach 1.
    CodePen Embed Fallback We got the --wideness. What’s next?
    For starters, the title’s markup is divided into spans since there is no CSS-way to select specific words in a sentence:
    <h1><span>Resize</span> and <span>enjoy!</span></h1> And since we will be doing the line wrapping ourselves, it’s important to unset some defaults:
    h1 { position: absolute; /* Keeps the text at the center */ white-space: nowrap; /* Disables line wrapping */ } The transition should work without the base styling, but it’s just too plain-looking. They are below if you want to copy them onto your stylesheet:
    CodePen Embed Fallback And just as a recap, our current hack looks like this:
    @property --100vw { syntax: "<length>"; initial-value: 0px; inherits: false; } :root { --100vw: 100vw; --int-width: calc(10000 * tan(atan2(var(--100vw), 10000px))); --lower-bound: 400; --upper-bound: 1200; --wideness: calc( (clamp(var(--lower-bound), var(--int-width), var(--upper-bound)) - var(--lower-bound)) / (var(--upper-bound) - var(--lower-bound)) ); } OK, enough with the set-up. It’s time to use our new values and make the viewport transition. We first gotta identify how the title should be rearranged for smaller screens: as you saw in the initial demo, the first span goes up and right, while the second span does the opposite and goes down and left. So, the end position for both spans translates to the following values:
    h1 { span:nth-child(1) { display: inline-block; /* So transformations work */ position: relative; bottom: 1.2lh; left: 50%; transform: translate(-50%); } span:nth-child(2) { display: inline-block; /* So transformations work */ position: relative; bottom: -1.2lh; left: -50%; transform: translate(50%); } } Before going forward, both formulas are basically the same, but with different signs. We can rewrite them at once bringing one new variable: --direction. It will be either 1 or -1 and define which direction to run the transition:
    h1 { span { display: inline-block; position: relative; bottom: calc(1.2lh * var(--direction)); left: calc(50% * var(--direction)); transform: translate(calc(-50% * var(--direction))); } span:nth-child(1) { --direction: 1; } span:nth-child(2) { --direction: -1; } } CodePen Embed Fallback The next step would be bringing --wideness into the formula so that the values change as the screen resizes. However, we can’t just multiply everything by --wideness. Why? Let’s see what happens if we do:
    span { display: inline-block; position: relative; bottom: calc(var(--wideness) * 1.2lh * var(--direction)); left: calc(var(--wideness) * 50% * var(--direction)); transform: translate(calc(var(--wideness) * -50% * var(--direction))); } As you’ll see, everything is backwards! The words wrap when the screen is too wide, and unwrap when the screen is too narrow:
    CodePen Embed Fallback Unlike our first examples, in which the transition ends as --wideness increases from 0 to 1, we want to complete the transition as --wideness decreases from 1 to 0, i.e. while the screen gets smaller the properties need to reach their end value. This isn’t a big deal, as we can rewrite our formula as a subtraction, in which the subtracting number gets bigger as --wideness increases:
    span { display: inline-block; position: relative; bottom: calc((1.2lh - var(--wideness) * 1.2lh) * var(--direction)); left: calc((50% - var(--wideness) * 50%) * var(--direction)); transform: translate(calc((-50% - var(--wideness) * -50%) * var(--direction))); } And now everything moves in the right direction while resizing the screen!
    CodePen Embed Fallback However, you will notice how words move in a straight line and some words overlap while resizing. We can’t allow this since a user with a specific screen size may get stuck at that point in the transition. Viewport transitions are cool, but not at the expense of ruining the experience for certain screen sizes.
    Instead of moving in a straight line, words should move in a curve such that they pass around the central word. Don’t worry, making a curve here is easier than it looks: just move the spans twice as fast in the x-axis as they do in the y-axis. This can be achieved by multiplying --wideness by 2, although we have to cap it at 1 so it doesn’t overshoot past the final value.
    span { display: inline-block; position: relative; bottom: calc((1.2lh - var(--wideness) * 1.2lh) * var(--direction)); left: calc((50% - min(var(--wideness) * 2, 1) * 50%) * var(--direction)); transform: translate(calc((-50% - min(var(--wideness) * 2, 1) * -50%) * var(--direction))); } Look at that beautiful curve, just avoiding the central text:
    CodePen Embed Fallback This is just the beginning!
    It’s surprising how powerful having the viewport as an integer can be, and what’s even crazier, the last example is one of the most basic transitions you could make with this typecasting hack. Once you do the initial setup, I can imagine a lot more possible transitions, and --widenesss is so useful, it’s like having a new CSS feature right now.
    I expect to see more about “Viewport Transitions” in the future because they do make websites feel more “alive” than adaptive.
    Typecasting and Viewport Transitions in CSS With tan(atan2()) originally published on CSS-Tricks, which is part of the DigitalOcean family. You should get the newsletter.

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